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Aaron Hillel Swartz November 8, — January 11, was an American computer programmerentrepreneur, writer, political organizer, and Internet hacktivist.
He was involved in the development of the web feed format RSS[3] the Markdown publishing format, [4] the organization Creative Commons[5] experf website framework web. Swartz's work also focused on civic awareness pdf expert review reddit free activism.
InSwartz was arrested by Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT police on state breaking-and-entering charges, after connecting a computer to the MIT network in an unmarked and unlocked closet, and setting it to download academic journal articles systematically from JSTOR using a guest user account issued to him by MIT. Aaron Swartz was born in Highland Park rfview, 25 miles 40 km north of Chicago[2] [21] the child of a Jewish family. At an early age, Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers, programming, the Internet, and Internet culture.
Inat age 12, he created the website The Info Network, a user-generated encyclopedia. Inhe enrolled at Stanford University but left the school after pdf expert review reddit free first year. During Swartz's first year at Stanford, he applied to Y Combinator 's first Summer Founders Program, proposing to work on a startup called Infogami, expdrt flexible content management system pdf expert review reddit free to create rich and visually interesting websites [33] or a form of wiki for structured data.
After working on it with co-founder Simon Carstensen over the summer ofSwartz opted not to return to Stanford, choosing instead to continue to develop and pdf expert review reddit free funding for Infogami. As part of his work привожу ссылку Infogami, Swartz created the web. In early fall ofhe worked with his fellow co-founders of another nascent Y-Combinator firm, Redditto rewrite its Lisp codebase using Python and web. Although Audition 3 getintopc free platform was abandoned after Not a Bug was pdf expert review reddit free, Infogami's software pdf expert review reddit free used to support the Internet Archive 's Open Library project and the web.
When Infogami failed to find further funding, Y-Combinator organizers suggested Infogami merge with Reddit[34] [35] which it did in Novembercreating a new firm, Not a Bug, devoted to promoting both products. Although both projects initially struggled, Reddit made large gains in popularity in — InSwartz founded Watchdog. InSwartz downloaded about 2. The Huffington Exper characterized his actions this way: "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to make them available outside of the expensive service.
The move drew the attention of the FBI, which ultimately decided not to press charges as the documents were, in fact, public. Reviwcontended should be free, because federal documents are not covered by copyright.
After reading Malamud's call for action, [50] Swartz used a Perl computer script running on Amazon cloud servers to download the documents, using credentials belonging to a Sacramento library. On September 29,[50] the GPO suspended the free trial, "pending an evaluation" of the program.
They brought millions of U. District Court records out from behind /29135.txt "pay wall", he said, and found them full of privacy violations, including medical records and the names of minor children expeert confidential informants.
We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. So they called the FBI Writing in Ars TechnicaTimothy Lee, [55] who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a co-creator of RECAP, offered some insight into discrepancies in reports on how much data Swartz downloaded: "In a back-of-the-envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was shut down, Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in PACER.
The New York Times similarly reported Swartz had downloaded "an estimated 20 percent of the entire database". Based on the facts that Swartz downloaded 2.
Inwanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee. In[59] Swartz co-founded Demand Progress[60] a political advocacy group that organizes people online to "take action by contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and spreading the word" about civil liberties, government reform, and other issues. During academic year —11, Swartz conducted research studies on political corruption as a Lab Fellow in Harvard University's Edmond J.
Reddit Research Lab on Institutional Corruption. Author Cory Doctorowin his novel Homeland"drew on advice from Swartz in reddkt out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign. Now it's up to you to change the system. Let me know if I can help.
Swartz was involved in the campaign to prevent passage of the Stop Online Piracy Act SOPAwhich sought to combat Internet copyright violations but was criticized on the basis that it would make it easier for the U. This bill Essentially, it stopped Americans from communicating entirely with certain groups I called all my friends, and we stayed up all night setting up a website for reddkt new group, Demand Progress, with an online petition pdf expert review reddit free this noxious bill We [got] We met with the staff of members of Congress and pleaded with them And then it passed unanimously And then, suddenly, the process stopped.
Senator Ron Wyden He added, "We won this fight because everyone made themselves the hero of their own story. Everyone took it as their job to save this crucial freedom. Swartz participated in Wikipedia since August under the username AaronSw.
InSwartz wrote an analysis of how Wikipedia articles are written, and concluded that the bulk of its content came from tens of thousands of occasional contributors, or "outsiders," each of whom made few other contributions to the site, while a core group of to 1, regular editors tended to correct spelling and other formatting errors.
Swartz came to his conclusions by counting the number of characters editors added to particular articles, while Wales counted the total number of edits. According to state and federal authorities, Swartz used JSTORa digital repository[71] to download a large number [ii] of academic journal articles through MIT's computer network over the course expeert a few weeks взято отсюда late and early On September 25,the IP address In the morning, another IP address, also from within the MIT network, eeview sending more Pdf expert review reddit free download pdf expert review reddit free, resulting in a temporary block on the firewall level of all MIT servers in the entire Note that this was an extreme case.
In this case, we saw a performance hit on the live site, which I have pdf expert review reddit free seen about 3 or 4 times in my 5 years here. The pattern used was to create frwe new session for each PDF download or every few, which exprt terribly efficient, but not terribly subtle. In the end, we saw over K sessions in one hour's time during the peak. According to authorities, Swartz downloaded the documents through a laptop connected to a networking switch in a controlled-access wiring closet at MIT.
Recording was stopped once Swartz was identified; but rather than pursue a civil lawsuit against him, JSTOR reached a settlement with him in June where he surrendered the downloaded dree. Aaron Swartz. Email describing PDF download activity snapshots see next images in gallery [86]. On the night of January 6,Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by MIT police and a Secret Service agent, and arraigned in Pdf expert review reddit free District Court on two state charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony.
On July 11,he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud pdf expert review reddit free, computer fraudunlawfully obtaining information from a protected computerand recklessly damaging a protected computer.
On November 17,Swartz was indicted by a Middlesex County Superior Court grand jury on state charges of breaking and entering with intent, grand larcenyand unauthorized access to a computer network. Heymannsupported by evidence provided by Secret Service agent Michael S. Swartz and his lead attorney rejected the deal, opting instead for a trial where prosecutors would be forced to justify their pursuit of him. The federal prosecution involved what was characterized by numerous critics such as former Nixon White House counsel John Dean as an " overcharging " count indictment and "overzealous", "Nixonian" prosecution pdf expert review reddit free alleged computer crimes, brought by then U.
Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz. Swartz died by suicide on January 11, On the evening of January 11,Swartz's girlfriend, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffmanfound him dead in his Brooklyn apartment. Days before Swartz's funeral, Lawrence Lessig eulogized his friend and sometime-client in an essay, "Prosecutor erview Bully. For in the 18 months of negotiations, that was what he was not willing to accept.
I think he could have revolutionized American and worldwide politics. His legacy may still yet do so. He was also distressed, she said, because two of his friends had just been subpoenaed and because he pfd longer believed that MIT would try to stop the prosecution. Several memorials followed soon afterward. Swartz's family recommended GiveWell for donations in his memory, an organization that Swartz admired, had collaborated with and was the sole beneficiary of his will.
Carmen M. Ortizthen US Attorney for pdf expert review reddit free District of Massachusetts, "As a parent and a pdf expert review reddit free, I can only imagine the pain felt by the family and friends of Aaron Swartz, […] I must, however, make clear that reiew office's conduct was appropriate in bringing and wxpert this case. Aaron's death is not simply a personal по ссылке. It is the product of a criminal justice revjew rife with intimidation and prosecutorial overreach.
Decisions made by officials in the Massachusetts U. Attorney's основываясь на этих данных and at MIT contributed to his death. On January 12,Freee family and partner issued a statement criticizing the prosecutors and MIT. Tom Dolanhusband of U. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortizwhose office prosecuted Swartz's case, replied with criticism of the Swartz family: "Truly incredible that продолжить чтение their own son's pdf expert review reddit free they blame others for his death and make no mention of the 6-month offer.
MIT maintains an open-campus policy along with an "open network. Rafael Reif commissioned professor Hal Abelson to lead an analysis of MIT's options and decisions relating to Swartz's "legal struggles. Swartz's attorneys requested that all pretrial discovery documents be made public, a move which MIT opposed. Rafael Reif, who authorized its public release on Адрес However, its report also noted that despite MIT's advocacy for open access culture at the institutional level and beyond, the university never extended that support to Swartz.
The report revealed, for example, that while MIT considered the possibility of issuing a public statement about its position on the case, such a statement never materialized.
The Huffington Post reported that "Ortiz has faced significant backlash for pursuing the case against Swartz, including a petition to the White House to have her fired. Reuters news agency called Swartz "an online icon" who "help[ed] to make a virtual mountain of information freely available to the public, including an estimated 19 million pages of federal court documents.
However, according to Harari, Swartz's stance did not illustrate the belief in the freedom of persons or speech, but stemmed from the increasing belief among the young generation that above anything else, information should be free. Aaron Swartz's legacy has been pdf expert review reddit free as strengthening the open access to scholarship movement. In Illinois, his home state, Swartz's influence led state university faculties to adopt policies in favor of open access.
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